1. Overview of Laser Marking Machine Technology

Laser marking machines are core equipment in modern industrial marking technology. They utilize a high-energy-density laser beam to locally irradiate workpieces, causing physical or chemical changes in the surface material, thereby leaving permanent marks. Since its development in the 1980s, this technology has become an indispensable part of the manufacturing industry and is widely used in electronic components, medical devices, automotive parts, jewelry, food packaging, and many other fields. Laser marking machines are mainly divided into fiber laser marking machines, CO2 laser marking machines, and semiconductor-pumped laser marking machines based on the laser type, each suitable for different materials and scenarios.

Although laser marking technology is quite mature, various problems can occur during daily operation due to improper operation, equipment aging, environmental changes, or untimely maintenance. These issues directly affect production efficiency and product quality. According to multiple industrial application reports, the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) for laser marking equipment is typically between 500-800 hours, and proper maintenance can increase this metric by over 30%. Meanwhile, correct fault diagnosis can reduce equipment repair time by approximately 70%, significantly minimizing economic losses caused by production stoppages.

This report will comprehensively analyze common failures during the use of laser marking machines, deeply investigate the root causes of faults, provide systematic solutions, and establish a sound preventive maintenance system. It aims to help users improve equipment utilization and production efficiency, and extend the equipment’s service life.

2. Laser Output Related Issues and Solutions

2.1 Insufficient Laser Strength and Unclear Marking

Decreased laser strength is one of the most common failures of laser marking machines, directly manifested as blurred marking effects, insufficient marking depth, or discontinuous marking. According to industrial field data, this problem accounts for over 40% of all laser marking machine failures. The causes of this problem are diverse and require systematic troubleshooting and handling.

• Changes in Resonator Cavity Status: The laser resonator cavity is the heart of the laser marking machine, composed of full reflector, partial reflector, and laser gain medium. Any slight misalignment of the mirrors or thermal deformation caused by temperature changes can lead to resonator detuning, reducing laser output efficiency. The solution is fine-tuning the resonator mirrors, using specialized tools to slowly rotate the adjustment bolts clockwise or counterclockwise while observing the output spot quality until a circular spot with uniform energy distribution and regular shape is obtained. This adjustment process requires professional training, as improper operation can further deteriorate the resonator status.
• Acousto-optic Crystal Position Deviation or Abnormal Acousto-optic Power Supply Output: The acousto-optic Q-switch is a key component for modulating laser pulses. After long-term operation, the acousto-optic crystal may shift due to mechanical vibration or temperature changes, leading to reduced diffraction efficiency. At this time, it is necessary to adjust the position of the acousto-optic crystal to keep it precisely parallel to the optical path. Simultaneously, low output energy from the acousto-optic power supply will also directly lead to insufficient laser strength, which can be solved by appropriately increasing the operating current of the acousto-optic power supply. However, it should be noted that the current increase should not exceed 15% of the rated value to prevent damage to the acousto-optic crystal.
• Laser Beam Path Deviation: After the laser is output from the resonator, it needs to pass through a series of reflecting mirrors and beam expanders to accurately enter the galvanometer scanning system. Long-term equipment operation or vibration impact may cause beam path deviation. The detection method is to use an infrared sensor card or thermal paper to check the spot position at each transmission link. If deviation is found, adjust the reflector mount so that the laser accurately passes through the center of the lens.
• Krypton Lamp Aging: The krypton lamp, as the pump source for fiber laser marking machines and some other types of lasers, has a defined service life. Manufacturers usually specify the krypton lamp life to be about 300 hours, but the actual lifespan is greatly affected by usage conditions. When the krypton lamp usage time approaches or exceeds the rated life, and the laser strength is still insufficient after adjusting the laser power supply current to about 20A, it can basically be determined that the krypton lamp is aging and needs replacement.

Table: Guide for Diagnosing and Handling Insufficient Laser Strength Faults

Fault Phenomenon	Possible Causes	Detection Methods	Solutions
Blurred marking, insufficient depth	Resonator detuning	Observe output spot shape and energy distribution	Fine-tune resonator mirrors, optimize spot quality
Intermittent marking, unstable strength	Acousto-optic crystal shift or abnormal power supply	Measure diffraction efficiency, check power supply output	Adjust acousto-optic crystal position or increase acousto-optic power supply operating current
Partial marking unclear	Laser beam path deviation from center	Check beam path with infrared sensor card	Adjust reflecting mirrors, correct beam path
Marking still unclear after current increase	Krypton lamp aging	Record usage time, check current threshold	Replace krypton lamp

2.2 Krypton Lamp Trigger Failure

Krypton lamp trigger failure is another common laser output problem, manifested as no response from the laser after pressing the start button, or frequent system errors. Such problems are often closely related to the electrical system and the status of the krypton lamp itself.

• Power Connection Issues: Triggering a krypton lamp requires high-voltage pulses as high as 20-30kV. Any poor connection may cause trigger failure. First, comprehensively check all power connection lines, especially whether the high-voltage line connections are secure, and check whether the cable connectors have burn marks or oxidation phenomena. At the same time, use a multimeter to measure whether the input voltage is within the allowable range, excluding the influence of power grid voltage fluctuations.
• Krypton Lamp Aging Failure: Even if the rated service life has not been reached, the krypton lamp may fail prematurely due to quality reasons or improper use. When the trigger still fails after confirming the power connection is correct, it is likely that the krypton lamp has completely failed and needs to be replaced with a new one. The replacement operation must be strictly carried out according to the equipment manual, paying special attention to high-voltage safety and installation accuracy, ensuring good electrode contact and accurate positioning of the krypton lamp.

It is worth noting that the service life of the krypton lamp is not fixed. In actual work, it needs to be flexibly judged based on the equipment performance. Industry experience shows that after a new krypton lamp is installed, the laser power supply current value during normal marking should be recorded as a benchmark reference. As the usage time increases, the luminous efficiency of the krypton lamp gradually declines, and the operating current needs to be appropriately increased to maintain laser output. However, when the current value exceeds 1.25 times the benchmark value and still cannot meet the marking requirements, even if the krypton lamp has not reached its rated life, replacement should be considered. Otherwise, a vicious cycle will form, accelerating krypton lamp aging and even causing lamp explosion.

3. Analysis and Handling of Marking Quality Issues

3.1 Unclear and Uneven Marking

Marking quality is the ultimate indicator for measuring the performance of a laser marking machine, and unclear marking and uneven engraving effects are the most common quality problems. These problems are often caused by a combination of factors and require troubleshooting from multiple aspects including the optical system, mechanical structure, and control software.

• Contamination or Damage of Optical Components: The optical system of the laser marking machine includes reflectors, beam expanders, focusing lenses, and protective lenses. Contaminants (such as dust, oil stains, water stains) on the surfaces of these components will significantly reduce laser transmittance and reflectivity, leading to energy loss and beam distortion. Regular cleaning of optical components is the basis for maintaining marking quality. Specialized optical cleaning tools should be used, such as lint-free swabs, high-purity acetone or anhydrous ethanol, and wipe spirally from the center to the edge of the lens. If the lens shows scratches, coating peeling, or obvious wear, it must be replaced promptly; otherwise, it will permanently affect the marking quality.
• Unstable Laser Power: Fluctuations in laser output power will directly lead to inconsistent marking depth. The reasons for power instability are varied, including laser power supply aging, pump source performance degradation, or insufficient cooling system efficiency. Check the laser output through a power meter. If significant fluctuations are found, check the outputs of the laser power supply in sequence, especially the stability of the high-voltage output. Simultaneously, check whether the Q-switch drive signal is normal, ensuring the Q-switching frequency and pulse width are within the appropriate range.
• Focal Length Changes and Deviation: The focusing lens of the laser marking machine converges the laser beam to a very small focal point. Any focal length change will cause a significant drop in energy density. Different materials require different focal length settings. The focal length should be precisely measured and adjusted before operation. For curved workpieces or irregular surfaces, a dynamic focusing system needs to be considered to maintain a constant focal length. At the same time, regularly check whether the focusing lens is loose and whether the lens holder has shifted due to thermal deformation.
• Material Matching Issues: Different materials have greatly different absorption rates for laser wavelengths. For example, metal materials have high absorption rates for fiber lasers, while non-metal materials are more suitable for CO2 lasers. If the laser type does not match the material, clear marking effects cannot be achieved naturally. In addition, uneven composition of the material itself and differences in surface treatment status will also lead to inconsistent marking effects. Before formal marking, parameter testing should be performed to find the laser parameter combination most suitable for the current material.

3.2 Intermittent Marking and Position Deviation

Discontinuous marking process and position accuracy deviation are another category of quality problems that affect production efficiency and product qualification rate. These problems usually involve multiple links such as mechanical transmission, control system, and software settings.

• Mechanical Transmission System Wear: After long-term high-speed operation of the XY worktable or galvanometer system of the laser marking machine, the timing belt may stretch and deform, the guide rails may wear out, and the slider clearance may increase, all of which will lead to a decrease in transmission accuracy. Check whether the timing belt tension is moderate and whether the tooth profile is worn; check whether the guide rails have wear points and whether lubrication is sufficient; check whether the clearance between the slider and the guide rail exceeds the allowable range. Based on the inspection results, perform tension adjustment, cleaning and lubrication, or component replacement.
• Control System and Software Failures: Abnormal marking control software or unstable communication with hardware can cause intermittent marking. This situation may stem from incorrect software settings, driver conflicts, or insufficient computer system resources. Solutions include: checking if the processing graphics are too complex and optimizing graphic elements; ensuring the control computer is dedicated, not installing unrelated software, not connecting to the external network to prevent virus infection; regularly restarting the computer to release system resources; reinstalling marking software and drivers.
• External Interference and Power Issues: Power grid voltage fluctuations can directly affect the stable operation of the laser and control system. Especially during peak power consumption periods, voltage drops may cause laser power drops or control system resets. Using a voltage stabilizer or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can effectively solve such problems, ensuring the equipment operates under stable voltage. In addition, strong electromagnetic interference may also affect the control signal transmission. Ensure the equipment is well grounded, and separate signal lines from power lines.

Table: Comprehensive Diagnosis of Laser Marking Quality Issues

Problem Type	Main Symptoms	Root Causes	Solution Strategy
Optical System Problems	Blurred, divergent markings, with halos	Lens contamination, damage, beam path deviation	Clean/replace optical components, correct beam path
Mechanical Transmission Problems	Position deviation, graphic distortion, poor repeatability	Loose timing belt, guide rail wear, large slider clearance	Adjust/replace transmission components, enhance lubrication
Control System Problems	Intermittent marking, data loss, response delay	Software failure, communication interruption, external interference	Optimize software settings, improve shielding and grounding
Material Adaptation Problems	Marking not obvious, over-burning, material deformation	Parameter mismatch, uneven material	Test and optimize parameters, evaluate material suitability

4. System Stability and Hardware Connection Issues

4.1 Power Supply and Control System Failures

As precision photoelectric equipment, the stable operation of laser marking machines highly depends on high-quality power supply and a reliable control system. In practical applications, many seemingly complex problems often originate from basic power and connection failures.

• Comprehensive Power Check: When the equipment completely fails to start or restarts frequently, a systematic power check should be performed first. This includes confirming that the main power switch is on, checking whether the emergency stop button is pressed and not released, verifying whether the circuit breaker has tripped, and testing whether the power outlet has electricity. Use a multimeter to measure the voltage at each connection point in sequence to ensure the power supply meets equipment requirements. It is particularly noteworthy that laser marking machines have extremely high requirements for grounding. Poor grounding not only causes equipment instability but may also damage components. Ensure the grounding resistance is less than 1Ω.
• Connection Line Check and Maintenance: There are a large number of data lines and power lines inside the laser marking machine. After long-term use, poor connections may occur due to vibration, oxidation, or plugging/unplugging. Regularly check whether the motherboard connection, galvanometer connection, laser power supply connection, and other control line connections are secure. For parts prone to connection problems, methods such as re-plugging, replacing interfaces, or applying contact enhancer can be used. During inspection, pay special attention to whether the wires have physical damage such as breaks, crush marks, or burn marks, as this often leads to intermittent faults.
• Control System Fault Diagnosis: The control system of the laser marking machine includes control cards, computers, drive circuits, etc. When abnormal prompts such as “one long, three short beeps alarm” appear, it usually indicates specific hardware failures. Common fault causes include: abnormal software operation, requiring reinstallation or update; loose motherboard, needs to be re-seated firmly; Q-driver alarm, check if the 37-pin and 15-pin connectors are loose; laser power supply alarm, check if the chiller is working normally and if the krypton lamp is intact. Consulting the equipment manual for different alarm information can quickly locate the fault point.

4.2 Cooling System Failures and Impacts

The cooling system is an indispensable component of the laser marking machine, directly related to the output performance and service life of the laser. Statistics show that nearly 30% of laser equipment failures are related to abnormal cooling system operation.

• Water Circulation System Maintenance: Laser marking machines strictly prohibit starting without water or under abnormal water circulation, which is repeatedly emphasized in the equipment manual. Water cooling system failures usually manifest as abnormal water temperature alarms, insufficient water flow, or abnormal water quality. Daily maintenance should focus on: whether the water tank level is within the specified range, whether the water pump operates normally, whether the water pipes are kinked or blocked, whether the heat exchanger is clean, and whether the water flow sensor works reliably. Regularly clean the water tank and replace deionized water or pure water monthly to prevent scale formation and microbial growth.
• Relationship Between Cooling System and Laser Output: An abnormal cooling system will directly lead to laser output problems. For example, if the chiller is running for a long time without turning on the laser power supply to ignite the lamp, it may cause the coolant to freeze, resulting in no laser output. In this case, it is necessary to turn off the entire power system for more than 1 hour and then restart. In addition, decreased cooling efficiency will cause the laser to operate at excessively high temperatures, leading to output power reduction or even protective shutdown. Regularly check the refrigeration performance of the cooling system to ensure the outlet water temperature is within the set range.
• Characteristics of Different Cooling Methods: Depending on the power and structure, laser marking machines can use cooling methods such as built-in air cooling, external water cooling, or compressor refrigeration. Air-cooled systems need to keep filters clean to ensure smooth ventilation; water-cooled systems need to replace coolant regularly to prevent corrosion; compressor refrigeration requires checking refrigerant pressure and compressor working status. Understanding the cooling method of your own equipment and performing targeted maintenance is key to ensuring stable system operation.

5. Daily Maintenance and Regular Maintenance Plans

5.1 Optical System Maintenance

The optical system of the laser marking machine is the “soul” of the equipment, and its condition directly determines the marking quality and laser efficiency. Establishing a scientific optical system maintenance process can significantly reduce the failure rate and extend the equipment service life.

• Regular Cleaning Plan: All optical components should undergo daily cleaning once a week and deep cleaning once a quarter. Cleaning should be performed in a dust-free environment using professional optical cleaning tools, including lint-free wipes, high-purity analytical grade solvents (anhydrous ethanol or acetone), and rubber blowers. When cleaning, first blow off surface dust with the blower, then gently wipe spirally from the center to the edge of the lens with a lint-free swab dipped in an appropriate amount of solvent. If encountering stubborn stains, do not scrub hard; extend the solvent soaking time and then wipe gently. During the cleaning process, avoid touching optical surfaces directly with hands to prevent skin oil contamination.
• Lens Status Check: Each time the lens is cleaned, its status should be evaluated simultaneously. Observe the lens against a light source carefully, checking for obvious scratches, coating peeling, edge cracking, or hazing. Mildly contaminated lenses can be reused after professional cleaning, but if severely damaged, they must be replaced. Establish a service life file for optical components. Even if there is no obvious damage, preventive replacement should be considered when the recommended service life is reached. Typically, the service life of reflectors is 1-2 years, and focusing lenses are 6-12 months, depending on the frequency of use and environment.
• Beam Path Calibration and Verification: After every approximately 500 hours of operation or after major vibration (such as relocation, maintenance), a complete beam path calibration should be performed. Ensure all optical components are clean and intact before calibration. The calibration process includes: checking if the laser output window is clean, adjusting the front reflector so that the red light passes through the center of the rear reflector, adjusting the rear reflector so that the red light passes through the center of the focusing lens, and finally checking the spot quality on the marking plane. After calibration, a marking test must be performed to verify whether the marking effect is uniform and consistent.

5.2 Mechanical and Electrical System Maintenance

The mechanical moving parts and electrical connections of the laser marking machine also require systematic maintenance to prevent performance degradation and sudden failures.

• Transmission System Maintenance: The moving parts of the XY worktable or galvanometer system of the laser marking machine require regular maintenance. Check the tension of the timing belt monthly. Press the middle of the belt with a finger; the depression amplitude should be within 5-8mm. Too loose will cause position deviation, too tight will increase load and noise. Clean the guide rails and sliders quarterly, remove old lubricating grease, and add special high-speed lubricating grease to ensure smooth movement without sticking. Simultaneously, check the straightness and parallelism of the guide rails, measure positioning accuracy and repeat positioning accuracy, and perform professional adjustment if beyond the allowable range.
• Electrical Connection Maintenance: Comprehensively check all electrical connections every six months, including power lines, signal lines, grounding wires, etc. Focus on checking whether connectors are oxidized, loose, or deformed, and whether cable sheaths are damaged or aged. Use electrical contact cleaner to clean connectors, and replace severely oxidized connectors promptly. Check the grounding resistance at each grounding point to ensure it meets equipment requirements. At the same time, check the fan filter, clean accumulated dust, ensure heat dissipation, and prevent electronic component failures caused by overheating.
• Maintenance for Long-Term Shutdown: If the laser marking machine needs to be shut down for a long time (over one month), special storage maintenance measures should be implemented: clean the inside and outside of the equipment and cover with dust cover, adjust the laser power to the minimum, release residual electricity in the capacitor, power on regularly (e.g., every two weeks) and run for more than half an hour to remove moisture, drain the cooling system or add antifreeze (depending on ambient temperature). When restarting, perform a comprehensive inspection and test first, and gradually increase the load to the normal level.

Table: Regular Maintenance Schedule for Laser Marking Machines

Maintenance Item	Daily Maintenance (Daily/Weekly)	Monthly Maintenance	Quarterly Maintenance	Annual Maintenance
Optical System	Clean external optical windows	Clean all optical components	Deep clean optical system, check beam path	Fully calibrate beam path, replace expired optical components
Mechanical System	Clean guide rails and sliders	Check timing belt tension, lubricate guide rails	Adjust transmission clearance, replace lubricating grease	Check positioning accuracy, replace worn parts
Cooling System	Check water level and temperature	Clean filter, check water pump	Replace cooling water, clean water tank	Check refrigeration performance, clean heat exchanger
Electrical System	Check switches and alarms	Clean electrical cabinet dust, check wiring	Tighten all terminals, check grounding	Insulation test, power performance test

6. Safety Operation Specifications and Precautions

As high-power laser equipment, the operation of laser marking machines must follow strict safety regulations to ensure both the personal safety of operators and the stable operation of the equipment. Sound safety operation procedures can effectively avoid most human-caused failures and safety accidents.

6.1 Laser Safety and Electrical Safety

• Laser Safety Protection Measures: Laser marking machines belong to CLASS 4 laser products. The output laser can cause permanent eye damage and skin burns. Laser safety regulations must be strictly implemented. During equipment operation, it is strictly forbidden to open the protective cover or look directly at the laser beam path, even if wearing laser protective glasses, one should not stare at the processing point. When it is necessary to observe the laser, such as during beam path debugging, use an infrared display card or laser power meter for indirect observation. The equipment work area should be equipped with obvious laser warning signs, and untrained personnel should be restricted from entering. For harmful fumes that may be generated (such as when marking certain plastics), ensure the smoke exhaust system works properly.
• Electrical Safety Operation Procedures: High voltage hazards exist inside the laser marking machine, especially at the laser power supply output terminal, where the voltage can reach thousands or even tens of thousands of volts. Before performing any internal maintenance, completely disconnect the power and discharge for at least 5 minutes. It is strictly forbidden to start other components before the krypton lamp is ignited to prevent high voltage from intruding and damaging the controller. The equipment must have reliable grounding, with grounding resistance not greater than 1Ω. Regularly check whether power lines and control lines are damaged. If insulation aging or damage is found, replace them immediately. In case of abnormal phenomena, first turn off the galvanometer switch and the main power switch, and then troubleshoot.

6.2 Operation Procedures and Emergency Handling

• Standard Operating Procedures: The operation of laser marking machines should establish standardized procedures, including pre-startup inspection, equipment startup, parameter setting, processing operation, and shutdown steps. Before starting, check whether the water cooling system is normal and whether optical components are clean; during equipment startup, turn on the cooling system first, then start the control computer, and finally turn on the laser power supply; parameter setting should be gradually adjusted from low to high according to material characteristics to avoid excessive power causing material splashing or over-burning; during shutdown, turn off the laser power supply first, then the control computer, and finally the cooling system. Starting without water or Q-switch power supply working without load is strictly prohibited.
• Emergency Handling of Common Faults: Operators should master the emergency handling methods for basic faults. When the equipment produces abnormal sounds, smoke, or odor, immediately press the emergency stop button and cut off the main power supply; in case of fire, use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher instead of a water-based fire extinguisher; in case of accidental laser irradiation to the human body, seek medical attention immediately and provide the equipment’s laser parameters. Establish an accident reporting system to record the accident time, phenomena, handling process, and results in detail, providing a basis for subsequent prevention.

7. Preventive Measures and Comprehensive Summary

7.1 Establishing a Preventive Maintenance System

To minimize the failure rate of laser marking machines and improve overall equipment efficiency, it is necessary to shift from the traditional “reactive repair” model to a modern “preventive maintenance” system. This system, through continuous monitoring of equipment status and regular maintenance, eliminates potential faults in the bud.

• Equipment Operation Data Recording: Establish a complete equipment file and record daily operating parameters in detail, including laser current, water temperature, marking time, etc. Especially after replacing a new krypton lamp, record the laser power supply current value during normal marking as a benchmark for judging krypton lamp aging. Simultaneously record the occurrence time, phenomenon, cause, and solution of each failure. These historical data are valuable resources for analyzing equipment weaknesses and predicting lifespan. Using modern IoT technology, automatic collection and analysis of key parameters can be achieved, establishing an equipment health assessment model.
• Periodic Maintenance Plan: Develop a systematic periodic maintenance plan based on equipment usage and manufacturer recommendations. This includes simple daily checks, comprehensive weekly cleaning, monthly system inspection, quarterly deep maintenance, and annual comprehensive overhaul. The maintenance plan should be specific to each component, clearly defining inspection standards, maintenance methods, and qualification indicators. Quantify maintenance work and incorporate it into performance appraisal to ensure the plan is effectively implemented. Practice has proven that investing 1 yuan in preventive maintenance can save 3-5 yuan in repair costs and 10-30 yuan in downtime losses.
• Spare Parts Management and Supplier Cooperation: Establish a reasonable spare parts inventory for vulnerable and key components, including commonly used spare parts such as krypton lamps, optical lenses, timing belts, etc., to reduce downtime caused by waiting for spare parts. Establish a good cooperative relationship with equipment suppliers to ensure timely and reliable technical support. For complex faults, do not blindly repair them yourself; contact professional technicians promptly. Regularly participate in training organized by equipment manufacturers to keep operators and maintenance personnel’s skills up to date.

7.2 Conclusion

As precision photoelectric equipment, the common faults of laser marking machines are mainly concentrated in several key parts such as the laser output system, optical path, mechanical transmission, and control circuit. Through this comprehensive and systematic analysis, we can draw the following conclusions:

Firstly, insufficient laser strength and krypton lamp trigger failure are the most common laser output problems. Most cases can be solved by adjusting the resonator, checking the acousto-optic crystal, correcting the beam path, or replacing the krypton lamp. Importantly, operators should develop the habit of recording the current value during normal operation to provide a scientific basis for judging krypton lamp aging.

Secondly, marking quality related issues often involve multiple systems and require comprehensive troubleshooting from aspects such as optical component status, material matching, mechanical transmission accuracy, and control software settings. Establishing a standardized marking parameter library and material-parameter correspondence can significantly improve debugging efficiency.

Thirdly, system stability largely depends on the basic maintenance of the cooling system and power connections. The core of cooling system maintenance is strictly prohibiting starting without water, regularly replacing cooling water, and keeping the internal circulating water clean; while regularly checking secure wiring and preventing oxidation and looseness is the guarantee for the reliability of electrical connections.

Finally, a sound preventive maintenance system is the most effective way to reduce the equipment failure rate. Through daily data recording, periodic maintenance plans, and spare parts management, combined with strict safety operation specifications, the unexpected downtime of equipment can be reduced by more than 70%, significantly improving the overall equipment efficiency and service life.

With the continuous advancement of laser technology, the reliability and intelligence level of modern laser marking machines are constantly improving. However, reasonable use, scientific maintenance, and standardized operation are always the keys to ensuring the long-term stable operation of the equipment. It is hoped that this research report can provide practical technical guidance for users of laser marking machines, help solve practical problems in production, and improve production efficiency and product quality.